THE SPORTS JOINT STOCK COMPANIES ACTIVITIES IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND TURKISH REPUBLIC PERIOD

The aim of our work is to determine joint-stock companies operating and producing sports services in the Late period of Ottoman Empire and the Early period of Turkish Republic. In the study, a qualitative method was followed by "descriptive field scanning", documentary or documentary work. This finding is important from two perspectives. First, the first three of the joint-stock companies that provide sports services in the world was established in the late period of Ottoman Empire in 1913, 1916 and 1917 respectively. The second one is that one of these incorporated companies continues to operate in the early period of Turkish Republic until 1937. This situation is important in terms of Turkish sports management. Because the main judgment of the scientists who make research about sports management is "Turkish sports management has a statist structure not autonomous". However, from 1923 to 1937, in accordance with market conditions, a private joint-stock company operated sports services to consumers. In this case, it is inevitable to arrive at a new judgment by passing the structure of the Turkish sports administration. "The first joint-stock companies producing sports services in the world were established and operating in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic". Therefore, it is possible to add "1906-1937 private sector period", emphasizing the fact that the Turkish sports administration is the first in the world to developmental stages.  Article visualizations

Sports Management Organızatıon ın Göktürk State

This study, which aims to determine the principles of traditional Turkish Sports Management and organizational structure, will examine the ethnocenosis system of Göktürk State, which is a state that uses only the Turkish alphabet and the first Turkish identity among the Turkish States established up to date, and try to determine the structure of sport management and organization which they formed mainly in war and physical education. In the study, a qualitative method called "descriptive field scanning", documentary or documentary study was followed (Karasar,1976). In order to determine the organizational structure of the Göktürk State, it has been analyzed with the observations of China, Rome, Orhun Abdüleri, epic poems, traveler's observations, archaic cosmology of Gokturk society and the discoveries of various fields working on that period. Turkish history can be considered as a military history until the last two hundred years. Turkish society is one in which, in the light of the available data, throughout history, military-civil distinction is not considered, and all members of the society are considered soldiers. "The army was in the people, the people in the army". Therefore; Göktürk State was formed in parallel with the state hierarchy in all the cities under the state government (Yaylak-Kışlak) in the structure of sport management organization

MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF ”SKY SQUARES / GÖKMEYDAN" AND “SPORTS LODGES” WHICH WERE THE SPORTS-MAKING AND WAR-PHYSICAL EDUCATION INSTITUTION IN THE SELJUK EMPIRE - AN INVESTIGATION OF THEIR EFFECTS ON THE SELJUK ECONOMY

The first information about the use of the squares was reached at the time of the Gokturks and continued with the Seljuk Empire. In the cosmology of the Seljuk Empire period, the sky squares / (Gokmeydan) provided the four basic elements which were; economy, military physical education, socialization, and sport. One of the most important elements to be considered about the sport was the establishment and operation of Sky square / (Gokmeydan) institutions while Seljuks were urbanizing. Even, it is known that Nizam al-Mulk, vizier of Sultan Malik-Shah I, was working on this issue intensively (İşcan, 1988). In this way, the sport was organized by the state to organize the sports, as well as sportsman training, protection, and nutrition. The sport was also influenced by the changing urbanization culture. In particular, it played an active role in ensuring security and urbanization in rural areas. The most striking example of this was the establishment of sports lodges for various branches in rural areas where urbanization was possible. As urbanization began, these sports lodges and buildings belonged to those lodges became a district of the city. To become the best fighting society, the Seljuk Empire reached its goal using its all facilities through Sky squares and Sports lodges. In addition to military physical education (both man and horse in terms of the period), Sky squares/ (Gokmeydan) and Sport lodges, which were opened to the people living in the city on certain days of the week, caused the public to operate in various sports branches as well as the establishment of enterprises that produce sports instruments of their interest and contribute to Seljuk economy.   Article visualizations

INVESTIGATION ON THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF THE STAFF WORKING ON PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPORTS INSTITUTIONS

The purpose of our research is to examine the effect of job satisfaction on organizational culture of staff working in public and private sports organizations. The universe of our research is made up of public and private sports organization staff. Our sample is composed of staff working in public and private sports organizations in Aegean Region. As a data collection tool in the research, Personal information form, Minnesota job satisfaction scale, and Denison organizational culture scale have been used. The first validity and reliability studies of the Minnesota job satisfaction scale were conducted by Baycan (1985) with an alpha coefficient of 0.77. Reliability value was found to be 0.87 by Özdayı (1990). The confidence scale (Cronbach Alpha) adapted by Denison organizational culture scale to Gökşen (2001) and later (2002) was  found 0.96.Through descriptive statistics, frequency, arithmetic mean, standard deviation values are determined. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was used at 0,05 significance level to determine whether the data showed normal distribution. As a result of the test statistic, it was determined that the data were not the normal distribution. For this reason, non-parametric test statistic was used. The Mann Whitney-U test was used at a significance level of 0,05 in comparing the arithmetic mean of the binary groups. The Kruskal Wallis Test was used at a significance level of 0,05 in comparing the arithmetic mean of multiple groups. The existence of the correlation between job satisfaction and organizational culture was used at Pearson Correlation Analysis at the significance level of 0,05 and 0,01. Regression Analysis was used at a significance level of 0.05 for the determination of the degree of job satisfaction affecting the organizational culture. As a result of the research; It was found that there was a strong positive correlation between job satisfaction level and organizational culture level (p <0.01) and half of the effect of job satisfaction (R2 =, 552) on the formation of organizational cultures of public and private sports institutions. This result shows that the organization's staff will make a positive contribution to the formation of the organization's culture by taking measures to increase job satisfaction.  Article visualizations

The relationship between occupational burnout levels of job satisfaction of Physical Education Teachers in the case of Mugla Province

Purpose of the research; To determine whether occupational burnout levels of physical education teachers differ from their demographic characteristics and to question the relationship between physical education teachers' job satisfaction and occupational burnout levels, if relevant, to reveal the effect on occupational burnout level. The model of the research is causal comparative and relational screening. The research universities constitute 406 physical education teachers who work in the provinces and districts of Muğla and the sample is 76 physical education teachers who participate voluntarily. The obtained data were subjected to normality test. Nonparametric test statistic was used when determining the difference between the groups because the data were not distributed normally. The Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney-U test at 0.05 significance level was used to determine the difference between the demographic characteristics of the physical education teachers and the levels of occupational burnout. The relationship between job satisfaction and occupational burnout levels of physical education teachers was determined by correlation analysis at the significance level of 0.01. Because of the relationship between two variables; A regression analysis of the significance level of 0.01 was used to determine the effects of physical education teachers' job satisfaction levels on their occupational burnout levels. According to research findings; there is a significant difference between the seniority years of physical education teachers and the average levels of emotional exhaustion and personal achievement levels. Physical education teachers with 11-15 years of seniority have higher levels of emotional exhaustion and personal success than others. There is a positive relationship between physical education teachers' job satisfaction and occupational burnout levels. As levels of job satisfaction increase, occupational burnout levels decline. This effect is; 15.9% (R2 = 0.155) in the dimension of emotional exhaustion and 15.7% (R2 = 0.157) in the personal achievement dimension

Evaluation of the Metaphoric Perceptions of the Faculty of Sports Sciences Students Regarding the Concept of Physical Education

Physical education contributes greatly to the physical, psychological and intellectual development of individuals. The awareness of the students of the coaching department about the concept of physical education should basically be revealed. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceptions of students studying in the coaching department about physical education through metaphors. Phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research designs, has been used and the concept of "Physical Education" constitutes the phenomenon of the study. The study group of the research consisted of 112 students who were studying at the Department of Coaching in the Faculty of Sport Sciences of Uşak University in the 2018-2019 Academic Year. Convenience sampling was used to determine the study group. As our knowledge of the concept of physical education increases, its volume will constantly expand. Therefore, the concept of physical education can be compared to a warehouse. It has a potential that cannot find its full expression in the language due to its storage feature. Our study did not change the nature of the concept of physical education after all. However, with the experimental work we have done on this subject, we can say that it contributes the content of the concept of physical education as "an occupation that requires effort", "an occupation that provides physical benefit", "an occupation that increases performance", "an occupation that enhances the appearance", "an occupation with an element of harmony and balance" and as an "emotional benefit"

THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE DEPENDENCE LEVELS OF FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCES STUDENTS ON THEIR SPORTS-SPECIFIC ACHIEVEMENT

The aim of our study is to determine the effect of exercise dependence levels of sports science faculty students on their sport-specific achievement motivation. This descriptive research is in the general survey model. The universe of the study was formed by the students studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences of Uşak University in the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample of the study is 200 students. The aim of the study was explained to 200 students who accepted the study. First, the subjects were administered the Willis Sports-Specific Achievement Motivation Scale. Later, the Exercise dependence Scale was applied. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney-U tests were used at the significance level of 0.05 for the mean differences. In order to determine the relationship between variables, Pearson correlation analysis was performed at the significance level of 0.05. Regression analysis at the significance level of 0.01 was performed to determine the effect on the sport-specific motivation for success. In the light of the data obtained from the study, 27.5% of the students are in the addicted group in terms of exercise dependence. On the other hand, 46% was in the risk group and only 6.5% was in the normal group. Students’ exercise dependence levels have a weak negative effect on their specific achievement motivation levels in sports. As the exercise dependence levels of the students increase, their level of achievement motivation specific to the sport decreases. This effect level is 37.4%. Exercise dependence should be directed to education, psychotherapy, and alternative treatment methods in order to increase sportive success, as exercise dependence has a negative effect of 34.7% on sport-specific achievement motivation. Article visualizations

EVALUATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TIME MANAGEMENT PERCEPTIONS AND TIME MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF SPORT MANAGEMENT STUDENTS

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the future perceptions of the students of the sports management department and their time management behavior. For this purpose, Gazi, Selçuk, Muğla and Fırat University Sports Sciences Faculty, Sports Management students (n = 770) participated in the questionnaire voluntarily. The socio-demographic information form of the volunteers was applied to the future time perception scale developed by Husman and Shell (1996) and the Time Management Behavior Scale developed by Britton and Tesser (1991). The obtained data was recorded with the package program "IBM SPSS 22". Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman Correlation Analysis for the Correlation between future time sense and time management behavior were applied as a statistical process. As a result, there was a significant Correlation between gender, university and class, time management behaviors, gender, university and class variables. Furthermore, a too weak Correlation was found between the future time sense and the time management behavior on the positive side. This may be due to the students' personal development, social circles, socioeconomic status difference and the missions and visions of the students differ.  Article visualizations

Relationship Between Intrapreneurship and Customer Driven Behaviors (Case of Sports Istanbul)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the intrapreneurship and customer driven behaviors of the sports organization personnel. For this purpose, 1789 personnel working in Istanbul Sports Activities and Management Trade Incorporated Company, which serves within Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality have composed the population of the study and the sample is composed of 360 volunteer participants determined by simple random sampling method. The study was performed by scanning method (relational model) and the data was collected by survey method. The personal information form, the internal entrepreneurship scale, and the customer-oriented behavior scale were administered to the participants. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software package program. Correlation and regression analysis were used as statistical methods. As a result, it is determined that there is a significant relationship between intrapreneurship and customer-driven behaviors and that intrapreneurship behavior has a decisive effect on the level of customer-driven behavior. Findings indicate that sub-dimensions of intrapreneurship have a certain degree of impact on the sub-dimensions of customer-driven behavior

CONSIDERATION OF "VISUAL PRODUCT" AS A NEW PRODUCT EXCEPT FROM ECONOMIC AND GOOD QUALITY IN THE RESPONSIBILITY OF SPORTING PRODUCTS

As it is known, economical products are divided into two main components (goods/services). The developing technology has restructured its geographical position. The storage capability of sporting products makes it necessary to define the concept of "visual product". In our study, the general scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research methods, is used (Karasar 2009). In the frame of this descriptive scanning method, a theoretical-analytical method has been used focusing on writing the relevant field. Descriptive studies are usually carried out to enlighten a given situation, to make assessments in line with standards, and to reveal relationships between events (Çepni, 2007). The concept is an abstract design that covers common features of objects and events and collects under a common name. A concept thus becomes a general and abstract representation of an object, state or phenomenon. The concepts are divided into a priori and posterior. The part to be studied in the study is posterior. Because the concept of "visual product" can be achieved by means of induction using observation and experience. In this procedure, the multiplicity is first searched, compared and then focused on similarities, differences, and variables so that the subject can be objectified. In the last stage, the concept of "visual product" is obtained by abstraction by discarding variables, differences. The continuity of the sporting products necessitates the requirement of defining them. The visual product is conceptualized as "an economic activity, action, performance, social event or effort" that is sustained with communication technology, although it is consumed where it is produced. Taking into consideration the product descriptions of classical economic theorists and the ability of developing technology to transform the nature offered to human beings after a "visual product" has been defined as a new economic product, labor, capital and natural resources in the virtual environment and in the face of time, the new situation should be discussed and explained within the scope of navigation service products.  Article visualizations